Corn Coffee Essay

Corn ranks second to rice, not only in terms of area devoted to its production but it has been a staple food of about 20% of the total population of the Filipinos. Aside from this, the green corn, boiled or roasted, is a popular snack food and may also be cooked a vegetable or soup. Other by-products of corn include corn flour and syrup, sugar and oil. In terms of nutritive value, corn is richer source of vitamin A than polished rice. It contains high amounts of minerals such as calcium and phosphorous. Moreover, it is also a source of starch derivatives for oil, fibers and other industrial uses. Corn is raised as source of food and food products for people, livestock feed, and industrial products including ceramics, explosives, construction materials, metal molds, paints, paper goods, textiles, industrial alcohols, and ethanol. Corn is now also used to produce a healthy coffee as people nowadays are health conscious. Since corn coffee was introduced in the Manila market by the farmers of Sumilao, Bukidnon, further study about corn coffee in Region III (Central Luzon) was made since corn is abundant on the said region. Distribution of questionnaires and analysis activities conducted to determine the frequency distribution of corn coffee in the market because this is not the first to introduce corn coffee in the Philippine market especially in Manila. On the data gathered, 98% of the respondents are coffee drinkers, majority of them are young professionals, 91% of them have no knowledge about corn coffee, 88% are willing to try corn coffee and 22% have no idea what would corn coffee would taste like. With this data, Le Maiz come up on marketing strategies how to introduce and expand the corn coffee market in Region III and NCR. Corn Cafe is an alternative to coffee beans that is rich in nutrients that coffee beans can not provide. The company’s objective is to fit in and adapt to the people’s taste and preferences as well as offering diverse kinds of nutritious products. Effective marketing program and strategy would be made in order to meet the established objective. The marketing strategies will consist of flyers, radio and newspaper advertisements, trade fairs, vis-a-vis contact with customers. 10% of the gross sale will be allocated on marketing the product. On technical aspect, the production of corn coffee is simple, healthy and all natural that it has only one ingredient, which is the corn alone, no additives and a healthy alternative of drinking coffee. Preparation of corn before roasting is the first step in making our product, roasting, grinding/ pulverizing are the main activities in making corn coffee. Packaging and putting into the storage were done before putting on the distribution channel like our selling area, inner-retail coffee stands as well as supermarkets within our designated market. On this study, corn coffee production started January 2011. Corn was purchased at the average of Php15 per kilo. The sum of 15,600 kilograms of Corn were purchased during 2011 while on 2012 to 2015, 12,480 kilograms of corn were purchased. Also, part of Raw Materials inventories are Packaging Slip and Sticker. 60,000 pcs. were purchased respectively. Around 1% has incurred in transportation cost and other miscellaneous expense. Purchases Return and Allowances is expected to be 1% of Gross Purchases while Purchase Discount will be 2% Net of Freight In. The production of coffee is continuous process thus leaving no goods in progress beginning or ending. This is in line with company’s policy to keep the product fresh and all natural. Sales Return and Allowances is expected to be 1% of Gross Sales. Sales Discount of 2% is given to cash buyers but only 5% of Gross Sales will avail the discount. Operating expenses is divided into 2 category; Distribution Cost and Administrative Cost. For Distribution cost for 2011( % of Gross Sales ); Traveling 1%, Advertising 5%, Delivery 10% and Depreciation expense based on Straight Line Depreciation of 5yrs. For Administrative cost ( % of Gross Sales ); Officers’ Salaries, 3 partners assumed as managing partners with annual salary of 96,000. 00 each. The Pre-operating cost Php 9,454. 00 has been incurred which include DTI registration, Dole registration, BIR Fee, SSS registration, Police Clearance, Barangay Clearance and Business Permit issued by Tarlac City Hall. Office supplies is 10%, Depreciation Expense ( Straight Line Depreciation of 5 yrs. ), Lease Payment ( 40% to Administration ), other expenses is 1%. On socio-economic aspect, we have shown the significance of our business and its contributions to the society. Its share to community and to its people is to create employment and thus improving the standard of living of people in the community. It can also help the community development by way of paying taxes in the government. It is through taxes paid by businesses and individuals that the government funded its projects such as roads, bridges, and community development. Lowering of prices of competitors to compete with the product in order to maintain the customers. We could also help the people in community by utilizing local materials which is very abundant in the province. We can motivate farmers to grow corn and not just corn but corn of good quality. Our business can be the pride of our province since it’s inclined with the program of the Department of Trade and Industry which is the â€Å"One Town One Product†. Lastly, the Le Maiz proponents chose partnership as the form of organization. Aside from the six (6) partners, we will be hiring three (3) employees to help to produce and market the healthy and nutritious coffee. Le Maiz with a mission, to provide coffee drinkers quality products, quality service, affordable prices and a healthy lifestyle. Competent and responsible employees will be hired for the success of the company. The company shall also continue working for innovative and efficient ways of achieving the company’s goals. The company’s vision are to be number one (1) corn coffee in the Philippines; to expand not only in Central Luzon and NCR but throughout the country as well; to build own production and distribution facilities and to adopt new technologies and methodologies. The company decided a hierarchical type of organizational chart. The capitalist partners will act as the general manager and three of the six (6) partners will be managing partners whom will receive monthly salary as well as the three (3) employees. On Administrative Department, the Administrative Officer/ Purchasing Officer will be the crucial person in the organization, he assumes the full control on the organization’s activities and is responsible for all decisions undertaken by the organization, responsible in monitoring and managing the production of corn coffee, counter checks the financial position of the organization, handles all personnel and the daily business activities, purchase ordered and will deliver on time to the production area and hold the budget for purchases of raw materials and shall provide summary or report of the used and unused funds. On Sales Department, the Marketing Officer/ Salesperson is responsible for the all related selling activities, product development, packaging, proposes new ideas for improvement and replacement, communicating with suppliers of materials and know the current trend in the market. For the Inventory Officer, he is responsible in listing down sales, the used materials and finished products. Must be alert, with good communication skills, trustworthy and diligent. The three (3) employees that will work for the company were the Machine Operator, responsible on the control of the machine in producing corn coffee, Packager, for packaging of the finished products and Delivery Man, he will act as the driver and responsible in delivering the finished products to our target markets.

Nutrition and Dietetics Proposal-Discussion/Conclusion

Introduction The main aim of this project was to assess the relationship of CVD risk factors and diet in Cuban Americans. More specifically, this project was aimed to see the association of omega 3 fatty acid with CVD biomarkers, homocysteine and CRP in Cuban Americans with and without type 2 diabetes. These aims were targeted with the views to providing information on cardiovascular disease risk factors and its association with diet and type 2 diabetes.The results suggested positive association between omega 3 fatty acid andhomocysteine quartiles, suggesting the significant role of omega 3 fatty acids in the regulation of homocysteine level. However, the association of omega 3 fatty acid was not found with CRP levels, which suggested the very little or no role of omega 3 fatty acid in lowering the level of CRP. Moreover, diabetic status was not found to be associated with either homocysteine quartiles or CRP levels. This finding concluded that homocysteine and CRP may not be involved in regulat ing the blood circulating blood sugar. The result of the statistical t-test showed that waist circumference was directly associated with diabetes, which indicated obesity as a major indicator of diabetes. This finding supported several other previous findings that studied the association between obesity and type 2 diabetes (Daousi, et.al. 2006 and Yajnik and Ganpule, 2010). Interestingly, another CVD risk factor, total blood cholesterol was found to be significantly higher in non-diabetics. However, whether HDL or LDL was higher non-diabetics was not measured, making it difficult to draw any conclusion from this finding. Other factors, such as BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, were not found to be associated with diabetes. These results seemed slightly contradictory as previous studies have found the correlation between these parameters and diabetes (Bays, et.al. 2007 and Mancia, 2005)., Interestingly, linkage was found between diabetes and glycosylate haemoglobin and omega 3 fatty acids, which suggested the implication of thee tow factor in diabetes risk. These findings corroborate with similar other findings. Edelman, et.al (2013) reported that high level of HbA1c was associated with higher incidence of type 2 diabetes. Similarly, another study by Virtanen, et.al (2013) suggested that intake of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid w as associated with long-term lower risk of type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, the results showed no association between CRP and diabetes, which contradicted the inflammatory pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (Muqabo and Renier, 2010). Another important finding was that diabetic status was directly associated with the distribution of homocysteine quartiles, which supported the previous findings by Ndrepepa, et.al (2008) and Badiou, et.al (2012) as explained earlier. Relationship between omega 3 fatty acid and homocysteine This study showed positive association between omega 3 fatty acid and homocysteine level, suggesting the role of omega 3 fatty acids in regulating the level of homocysteine in the body. As discussed earlier, homocysteine is an important biomarker of CVD and control of which may reduce the risk of CVD. These findings support previous finding by Kulkarni, et.al (2011) who studied the association of omega 3 fatty acid with homocysteine concentrations. In the study they found that altered omega 3 fatty acids (mainly docosahexaenoic acid) may lead to increased homocysteine concentration. However, majority of studies have focused on the association between omega 3 fatty acids and other CVD markers such as LDL, blood sugar and clotting factors (Yeh, et.al. 2009; Etherton, et.al. 2002). Thus, further long term studies should be done to unravel the possible association between omega 3 fatty acid and homocysteine. Limitations Despite some interesting findings, the study had few limitations. The association of omega 3 fatty acids with homocysteine and CRP was only studied in diabetics and non-diabetics. The study would have given much clearer conclusion if the implication of omega 3 fatty acids and its biomarkers was also investigated in CVD patients. Moreover, although the study found the correlation between cholesterol and diabetes, it did not assess whether HDL or LDL had greater implication in diabetics. Clinical implications of the findings and future research Diabetes and CVD disease are two chronic conditions that are the major killers among all the diseases. Preventive measures and early diagnosis remains the key for proper management of the disease. This study suggests the beneficial role of omega 3 fatty acids in diabetes and cardiovascular disease. More so, the study also showed the association of omega 3 fatty acids with CVD markers such as homocysteine, cholesterol, as well as diabetes marker such as HbA1c. Thus, people who are at risk of developing CVD and diabetes can be encouraged to intake diet rich in omega 3 fatty acids. But , the association of omega 3 fatty acid with inflammatory maker, CRP remained inconclusive. Also, whether increased homocysteine in diabetics was associated with CVD was beyond the scope of this project and demands further studies. Future studied should be done to see the effects of omega 3 fatty acids in altering homocysteine level and CRP in CVD patients. References Bays, H.E., Chapman, R.H., Grandy, S. & SHIELD Investigators’ Group 2007, â€Å"The relationship of body mass index to diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidaemia: comparison of data from two national surveys†, International journal of clinical practice, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 737-747. Daousi, C., Casson, I.F., Gill, G.V., MacFarlane, I.A., Wilding, J.P. & Pinkney, J.H. 2006, â€Å"Prevalence of obesity in type 2 diabetes in secondary care: association with cardiovascular risk factors†, Postgraduate medical journal, vol. 82, no. 966, pp. 280-284. Edelman, D., Olsen, M.K., Dudley, T.K., Harris, A.C. &Oddone, E.Z. 2004, â€Å"Utility of hemoglobin A1c in predicting diabetes risk†, Journal of general internal medicine, vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 1175-1180. Etherton, P.M.K., Harris, W.S andAppel, L.J, 2002. AHA Scientific Statement. â€Å"Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease†, vol. 106, pp. 2747-2757. Kulkarni, A., Mehendale, S., Pisal, H., Kilari, A., Dangat, K., Salunkhe, S., Taralekar, V. & Joshi, S. 2011, â€Å"Association of omega-3 fatty acids and homocysteine concentrations in pre-eclampsia†, Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 60-64. Mancia, G. 2005, â€Å"The association of hypertension and diabetes: prevalence, cardiovascular risk and protection by blood pressure reduction†, ActaDiabetologica, vol. 42 Suppl 1, pp. S17-25. Mugabo, Y., Li, L. &Renier, G. 2010, â€Å"The connection between C-reactive protein (CRP) and diabetic vasculopathy. Focus on preclinical findings†, Current diabetes reviews, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 27-34. Virtanen, J.K., Mursu, J., Voutilainen, S., Uusitupa, M. &Tuomainen, T.P. 2013, â€Å"Serum Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes in Men: The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study†, Diabetes care. Yajnik, C.S. &Ganpule-Rao, A.V. 2010, â€Å"The obesity-diabetes association: what is different in indians?†, The international journal of lower extremity wounds, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 113-115. Yeh, E, Wood, R.D, Leeson, S and Squires, E.J, 2009.British poultry science. â€Å"Effect of dietary omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on clotting activities of Factor V, VII and X in fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome-susceptible laying hens†, vol. 50, no.3, pp. 582-392.

Cardiovascular system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

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The security technology of e-commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The security technology of e-commerce - Essay Example Most reputable financial institutions and e-commerce service providers take all measures to protect the data and transactions online and simultaneously they provide the details to the customers, how to protect their transaction. Although the risks are generally avoided while dealing with internet transactions, even then the threats are enormous. The various threats include cyber terrorism, credit card number may be intercepted, cyber attacks during the war on terrorism, viruses and worms, hacking and malware techniques, one of the service providers may deny that the deals ever took place, hackers may exploit data from web page due to some improper security measures, hackers may gain access to the system. Sometimes customers may also become a victim of identity theft. According to a survey conducted by the US Department of Justice (DOJ), identity theft is affecting millions of household in the US and costing an estimated $ 6.4 billion per year. To avoid all these consumers must take s ome proactive steps and practices to access the computer before carrying out any financial transaction. Some of the most common practices include the use of updated versions of software and operating systems, ensure proper network security, avoid opening unknown emails and attachments, use of passwords, use of updated antivirus software and use of encryption.In the present paper, the author attempts to deal with the type of risks available to the internet user, the present security system available to the consumers and future security trends. trends. The finding of available security system has been summarized. 3.0 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS STATEMENT: While going before the literature as cited in bibliography, author made an attempt to a hypothetical statement as , " Are the current security systems able to provide security to the e-commerce users" 4.0 EXPLANATION OF THE TECHNOLOGY: 4.1 BACKGROUND: In the early 1990's digital break-ins, kidnapping were the terms used by many popular journals to hackers. The early targets were educational institutes and

UK Crime Rate Indicators Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

UK Crime Rate Indicators - Essay Example The current paper will look into these issues and finally draw conclusions with certain issues that should be incorporated to improve their quality and acceptance. The United Kingdom offers an open society where people of different ethnic origins and nationalities are living together and are contributing to the overall country's economic and social setup. The society itself including the government aims to provide an environment where conformity and balance among cultural and social values can be achieved. However, with economic and social challenges arising disparities and evil emerges. This is important to understand as the crimes in the country are soaring and the authorities attempt to tackle the staggering crime levels. The current paper will discuss the current crime situation in the country as presented by Home Office in its yearly statistical bulletin. The yearly bulletin derives its data and subsequent analysis from two resources that include firstly, reporting from police stations across the country and secondly from British Crime Survey. ... The current paper will look into these issues and finally draw conclusions with certain issues that should be incorporated to improve their quality and acceptance. The crime levels in the United Kingdom are considered to be at higher level as compared to other countries including United States, Australia, Middle East and few other European countries. The UK is listed among Ireland, Estonia, Denmark and Netherland which have crime victim rates at 30% higher than the European average. The survey carried out by Gallup Europe for UN crime prevention agency has marked the capital city of London as the "crime capital of Europe" with 32% of the resident admitting that they have been victim of 10 categories of offences ranging from assault to sexual harassment. Furthermore, the U.K. is estimated to have the highest burglary rate, hate crimes and risk of thefts from car compared to European counterparts (Guardian, 2007). But all this is presented differently by the government of the U.K and claims are made through its Crime Statistical Bulletin that crimes in the U.K. are reducing. Crime Statistical Bulletin is published every year which incorporates st atistics and analysis of crimes under different defined categories. Through this report the U.K.'s Home Office attempts to measure and analyse crime statistics in view of estimating crime trends and reviewing its achievement in lieu of crime reduction and its impact on the individuals and society as all. The bulletin draws its statistics from two resources which include reporting from police records and an independent British Crime Survey (Home Office, 2008). The police records consist of figures collected and reported by regional police stations. These consolidated records on monthly

Asian Film term paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Asian Film term paper - Essay Example In the East, everything is bound by traditions and the ones revolting against this cruelty are either banished from the society or are abandoned or locked up. The purpose of this paper is to figure out and analyze about the lives of the women, to the modern concepts of individualism vs. the old traditional concepts. Following their identity how they are kept and what happens will all be described in the context of three of the Asian films Peking Opera Blues, Water and Rouge. Three of the films depict more or same the story of women, their loyalty, freedom followed by traditions. Let us take a look and analyze the story with supporting evidence and arguments. A. Peking Opera Blues: Directed by Tsui Hark Peking Opera Blues is one of the finest films one comes across of 1986 depicting the portrayal of a woman and her loyalty. The general’s daughter has been much in focus showing her loyalty and bonds with the customs and the traditions. She is always loyal, obeying her father, no t participating or standing with men and when tagged with betray, she still is on her father’s side (Tao ma tan, 1986). The director’s first bold step was to cast three women in a serious role. It was conflicting as no other director ever casted three women with the leading role other than stupid, foolish or jerk acts. The second step the director took against the traditions was the touching scene of the two women but they were not projecting their needs or greed as it was not a stereotypical role or image of the women. The third step was the impression people had for them as being women as a symbol of a lower status (Tao ma tan, 1986). Analyzing the above movie, what we see is that a woman as a tool to be suppressed, treated as a toy saying yes every now and then to either the right or the wrong. Her freedom lays in the hands of others either husband, his father or his brother, her decisions are to be taken by a man who is stronger in position and her fate is decided by them. She does not have her identity, feelings, and emotions. She has to be loyal, putting her head in front of a sword if commanded and still the men in these societies do not let them breath in fresh air. Quoted by Charlotte Bronte I am not a bird to entangle me: I am a human being, free of my will and independence. These people do not let their daughters, mothers, wives or sisters to live independently, with freedom of will, power and expression. They are bound to follow the customs and traditions followed by the society and their revolt leads them to a fatal life. The overall impact of the movie is reflecting how a positive, loyal, honest and truthful a woman could be. B. Water: Directed by Deepa Mehta the film holds the breath of a person to see what actually people do on the other side of the world. The role of the women portrayed in this film is very meek, worthless and a symbol of one’s pleasures. The director projected a woman being a worthless creature when her h usband dies and she has to be in a ashram for the rest of her life. The second thing was the forced prostitution. The third thing was the freedom in the end (Water, 2005). This is the male dominating society. Everything runs under his command. The traditions and customs have already made woman a worthless creature, living only to please a man, does his chores and sacrifice for him (Water, 2005). This is a true image of the society has been portrayed. However it has also been visibly

Marketing management in pratice Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

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Con Side of Christian Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Con Side of Christian Science - Essay Example Over the past years, the fundamentalist faith healing practices have grown tremendously to the extent that it has raised serious concerns about its legal basis and for how long it can be tolerated. This can only be considered to be a sect that is illegal. It is considered to be primitive Christianity one which rejects modern scientific inquiry since it emphasizes on the idea that spiritual healing has to be understood in a scientific manner. According to the medical societies, those practicing Christian Science were liable to prosecution through the medical quackery laws (Young 268). This would help transform the bogus medical practitioners into trained and licensed practitioners. To the practitioners, it was through tolerance and faith that one would get healed. It was evident that the numbers of deaths were rapidly rising and this was attributed to the fact that most people were ignoring medical attention and preferred Christian Science. In 1989, a four year old boy named Morris co ntracted a mysterious disease which led to a respiratory infection. By then, his parents were members of the followers of Christ church. According to his parents, true Christians were not expected to turn to medicine when they fell sick. They therefore decided to turn to prayers for their son believing that he would be healed. They bought and anointed him with the holy oil and went ahead to pray for him for 46 days but during this period, his condition continued to deteriorate. The boy did not survive but died after 47 days (Young 269). A medical examiner said that the boy needed basic anti biotic and he would be fine. From the medical examiner, this was the worst case he had experienced from the Christian scientists and to him the parents were liable to a criminal act and they were to be subjected to legal justification. The fact that the parents were religiously motivated made the child a victim of traditional abuse just like the children who die of treatable illness. They could b e subjected to criminal law as this was not right as the parents had failed to undertake an affirmative defense on their child who was still dependent on them for their care. This has indicated that children die unnecessarily due to such ignorance. The survival rates were low for children and this was a negative show for the survival of children as it had been threatened. They can be accused of murder since their son was still too young to seek medical attention on his own. This is feared t become a threat with time as more fatalities that are as a result of Christian Science are still being reported. This relates to another scenario where AIDS patients are only prayed for and not taken to hospital in Christ the king church. According to the church it is only through Jesus that we can receive true healing and therefore going to the hospital to seek medication is an indication that you worship the doctors and not the church. Most transmissions of the disease were as a result of injec tions and heterosexual intercourse. Culture plays a major role in what members of society do and it will definitely shape their attitude towards various aspects including HIV (Young 270). As for politicians, they have come up with campaigns against the disease where they employ people to create awareness on the disease and how they can

Personal experience in an organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal experience in an organization - Essay Example Therefore, the argument that the discussion fostered a supportive communication environment is valid. Active listening and collective participation characterized the group discussion. Each of the group members had ample time to air their views while others listened. There were no interruptions when a group member was giving their points. However, after the points, we could interrogate the points as a group. Most of the points raised by the individual members were found to be valid. Only in two occasions where we had to amend the answers given. In this scenario, the members that raised the points were quite confident and seemed to be grateful since they perceived that their points were listened to before being amended. Next, we will look at the problem-oriented nature of the discussion. The objective of the group discussion was clearly cut out. Each of the members knew the problem under investigation in advance. This created an opportunity for the group members to do an independent research and then approach the research from a point of knowledge. It was clear that each of the group members had an understanding on the topic of discussion. This helped create an environment where everyone was an active participant. In addition, each of the members, including those that are a bit conserved were given adequate time to talk. In so doing, the members became free with each other and were able to express their points without any tension. Most of the discussion involved descriptions as opposed to evaluations. The essence of the discussion was to provide a common understanding of the various questions as provided by the instructor. To culminate this argument, let us look at the specificity of the communication. The fact that the group discussion handled a specific issue created a supportive communication environment. The goal of the group was to ensure that the assignment was done well. This specific drive made us to contribute without

Performance Appraisal Essay Example for Free

Performance Appraisal Essay â€Å"Performance appraisal is the process through which employee performance is assessed, feedback is provided to the employee, and corrective action plans are designed† (Youssef, 2012). So basically, a performance appraisal is the process of evaluation workers’ performance in correlation with previously determined standards of the organization. Performance appraisals are one way of giving employees feedback about their performance at work; they record the employee’s performance to date, their potential and what they could work on to further benefit them. These appraisals do not only help them employee but they could benefit the organization as well in that it reflects on if the employee is right for the position (currently or in the future) and if the training the organization gives is sufficient for the employee. There are many advantages to performing appraisals. The records of these performance appraisals are kept for a period of time, they can be referenced and used to evaluate how an employee has improved over time, or if they have yet to improve or began to slack off. This gives an opportunity for a manager to pull an employee aside and praise them for their accomplishments or inform them what it is they need to improve on, managers can also determine whether or not an employee could benefit from further training. Employees can be given feedback while learning if their goals within the company have been fulfilled while setting up new goals for them to accomplish in the next year. Sometimes, expectations and policies can be difficult to understand; during feedback, one can take that opportunity to have clarity on policies and expectations and discuss matters that they want to discuss in private, such as ideas for improvement or issues they’ve had within the company or with fellow employees. Knowing that your performance will be appraised can serve as motivation to gain a reward for their hard work. There is potential for biases that need to be worked through to make sure everyone is given a fair opportunity. While it’s easy to compare one another, it’s imperative and difficult to resist comparing skills of one employee to another; if employees were compared to one another, it creates an unfair assessment of the employees. It’s crucial to set a standard to evaluate performance. Personality conflicts can influence judgment when assessing performance; this would cause an inaccurate assessment which would be unfair to the employee. Just because an employee is good at one thing, does not make them good at everything, and vice versa. One ruined project or miscommunication in direction does not mean the same thing will occur every time, or again even. There needs to be a minimum time-frame in which an employee’s performance should be assessed; it’s not fair for a manager that’s worked with an employee a time or two to fairly appraise them, a first impression can distort one’s image in either a positive or negative manner. It’s also necessary to appraise one on their entire performance, not just the most recent occurrences. Lifestyle choices should be left out of the appraisal process and should not be used for or against an employee. The primary objectives of an appraisal are – to assess past performance, to identify training needs, to set and agree on future objectives and standards, and to facilitate the achievement of these goals† (Youssef, 2012). Management by objectives includes an agreement between managers and their employees on the employee’s performance objectives for periodic review for the employee accomplishes said objectives. The effectiveness of a performance appraisal can be judged by its objectives. Understanding the strategic objectives can help one adjust to meet the needs of an organization. A timeline allows a manager and employee to make a plan for goals to be met, there must be deadlines and time periods assigned to each goal to ensure that they are met. An employee needs to show improvement, one that is not very productive and having issues with the company’s values and policies will not be around for a long period of time. Employees that are productive and possess talent that are imperative for the position will help with the company’s success and ensure they are able to withstand growth. Strategic planning is needed to determine the budget for current employees as well as future employees. Appraisal results reflect one’s character, development, how well one performs to the organization’s standards, as well as other strengths or weaknesses. In some organizations, these results may be used to determine if/which employees deserve recognition as well as awards such as a merit pay raise, a bonus and/or a promotion. These results can also determine which employees do not mesh with the organization and need to be let go, require counseling or further training or a demotion/decrease in pay. Performance appraisals can be a motivation to excel.

Copolymerization of Styrene and a Cyclic Peptide

Copolymerization of Styrene and a Cyclic Peptide Putting peptides into the backbone chain of polyolefins: the radical copolymerization of styrene and a cyclic peptide containing the disulfide bond Anja C. Paulya, Daniel Rentschb and Fabio di Lena*a. Supporting Information ABSTRACT: For the first time, a vinyl monomer such as styrene has been radically copolymerized with a cyclic peptide containing the disulfide bond. A new class of bio-hybrids is obtained in which the amino acid sequence is statistically distributed within the polymer’s backbone chain. The structure of the copolymer has been confirmed by means of conventional as well as diffusion-edited 1H NMR, MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry, FT-IR spectroscopy, TGA, DSC, and a series of control experiments. With the aim to combine the advantageous properties of biological macromolecules such as, for example, the biological function, molecular recognition, and chirality, with the solution properties, processability, etc. of synthetic macromolecules, polymer chemists have started to develop the so-called bio-hybrid polymers. Bioconjugates are the most studied class of bio-hybrids.1 These are block copolymers in which a protein, polysaccharide or nucleotide is chemically linked to a synthetic polymer such as a polyolefin, polyether or polyester. In this type of structures, the constituent blocks maintain their individual properties, which make them, in many ways, similar to polymer mixtures. At odds with block copolymers, statistical copolymers do not exhibit the characteristics of polymer mixtures but behave like homogeneous materials with peculiar physical and chemical properties. Here we report the preparation of a new class of bio-hybrids in which, much like in statistical copolymers, an amino acid sequence is incorporated directly into the backbone chain of a polyolefin like polystyrene. The polymers are prepared by the radical ring-opening copolymerization2of a cyclic peptide containing the disulfide (S-S) bond and styrene. Cycles containing the S-S bond are known to undergo radical copolymerization with vinyl monomers such as methyl acrylate, vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile and styrene.3 The driving force behind the research is our interest in finding new, simple and industrially friendly ways to turn commodity polymers into specialty polymers with high added value. To our knowledge, the only examples of polyolefins containing amino acids in the backbone chain have been prepared by Wagener and co-workers by means of acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET)4 polymerization of dienes containing a single amino acid residue conducted in the presence of a ruthenium carbene catalyst.5 The approach we describe here is metal-free, enables the incorporation of sequences of amino acids and employs radical polymerization, a process with which more than 50% of all the polymers produced worldwide are made. Scheme 1. Radical copolymerization of styrene with the cyclic tripeptide cCLC. Styrene and the cyclic peptide S1,S3-cyclo(L-cysteinyl-L-leucyl-L-cysteine), from now on referred to as cCLC (or CLC when ring-opened), were chosen as model monomers. They were reacted with a molar ratio of 94:6 in dimethyl sulfoxide Table 1. Polymerization conditions, yield, number average molecular weight, polydispersity index, degradation temperatures, glass transition temperatures and CLC content of the copolymers. Copolymer P1 P2 Styrene/cCLC/AIBNa) 94/6/5 molar ratio 94/6/2 molar ratio Yieldb) 40 % 43 % c) 2,500 5,400 PDIc) 1.79 1.64 Tdeg1 198 °C 215 °C Tdeg2 417 °C 419 °C Tg 66 °C 54 °C CLC contentd) 6 mol% mol% 1M in DMSO. After precipitation in water and dialysis in MeOH. Determination by SEC in THF on the basis of polystyrene calibration. Determination by comparison of the integrated peaks in the 1H-NMR spectra of the isopropyl unit in CLC and the phenyl unit in polystyrene. (DMSO) at 70  ºC for 12h with two different amounts of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) affording the copolymers P1 and P2 (Scheme 1, Table 1). The copolymers were purified by precipitation in water and dialysis in methanol so as to remove, among the other possible impurities, unreacted cCLC and/or cCLC-derived by-products. The overall yield was equal to 40% for P1 and 43% for P2. When analysed by means of size exclusion chromatography (SEC), the copolymer P1, obtained by using a higher amount of AIBN, resulted to have a number average molecular weight () of 2,500 and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 1.79. On the other hand, P2, synthesized by using a smaller amount of AIBN, turned out to have a higher molecular weight () and a comparable PDI of 1.64 (Table 1). The SEC traces of both copolymers are shown in the Supporting Information (Figure S1). The signals in the 1H NMR spectra of P1 (Figure S2) and P2 (Figure 1A) could be assigned to both styrene and CLC units. On the one hand, the peaks at 0.87 ppm and 1.10 ppm, visible also in 1H NMR spectrum of unreacted cCLC (Figure S3), could be assigned to the iso-propyl residue of CLC. On the other hand, the two groups of peaks at 1.54 and 1.92 ppm, and at 6.55 and 7.05 ppm correspond to the aliphatic and the aromatic protons of polystyrene, respectively. The remaining proton signals of CLC could be assigned with a lower degree of confidence due to the overlapping signals of solvent and/or polystyrene. By comparing the area underneath the peak at 0.87 ppm relative to the iso-propyl group of CLC with the area underneath the peak around 7 ppm relative to the phenyl ring of styrene, it was calculated that the peptide makes up 6 mol% of copolymer P1 and 9 mol% of P2. A different degree of co-monomer incorporation is not odd if one considers that the composition, like other properties of a polymer, is function of the chain length up to a critical value that depends on the specific system. It is then reasonable to assume that such critical value for had not been reached in the present case. The topic has been extensively investigated and the interested reader is referred to the literature for details.6 In the diffusion-edited mode, in which the 1H NMR spectra were recorded applying a flow-compensated double-stimulated-echo with a gradient strength up to 40%,7 a similar set of signals were found for the styrene and CLC units (Figure 1B and S2). By exploiting the fact that the translational diffusion in solution is size-dependent, the diffusion-edited NMR is able to discriminate between signals relative to low and high molecular weight species.8 Since only the solvent signals disappeared, the NMR data are a strong indication that the peptide is incorporated into polystyrene rather than forming a physical blend with it. It is worth noting that the diffusion-edited NMR is not quantitative and thus the molar composition of the copolymers could be determined only from the conventional 1H-NMR spectra. The analysis by MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry9 substantiates these conclusions. A mass distribution (Figure 2) that accurately matches that of monocharged polystyrene chains each containing one CLC moiety and AIBN-derived isobutyronitrile groups as both ÃŽ ± and ω-chain ends was indeed obtained. Figure 1. 1H-NMR spectra of the copolymer P2 (A), 1H-diffusion edited 1H-NMR spectra of the copolymer P2 with gradient strength of 40% (B) in THF-d8, and the corresponding chemical structure (C). The results of all the other analytical techniques used to characterize the copolymers are in line with what found above. In the FT-IR spectra, for example, signals belonging to both styrene and amino acid moieties could be detected (Figure 3), which are: (i) the bands at 1735 cm-1 (carboxylic group) and 1654 cm-1 (amide group) of CLC, which are also present in the FT-IR spectrum of unreacted cCLC; and (ii) the signals of the aromatic carbon-carbon bonds (1492 and 1452 cm-1) and carbon-proton bond of the phenyl rings (736 and 696 cm-1) of Figure 2. MALDI FT-ICR spectrum of the copolymer P2 in the positive mode (A), the magnification of the spectrum in the mass range 4600 – 5000 with the comparison of the theoretical and observed m/z (B), and the corresponding chemical structure (C). polystyrene. Furthermore, two distinct mass losses, one around 200  ºC and the other at 417  ºC, can be seen in the thermogravimetric (TGA) traces of the copolymers P1 and P2 (Table 1). By direct comparison with the TGA of the constituting materials, which show a mass loss at 208  °C for unreacted cCLC and one at 418  °C for pristine polystyrene, the two steps observed in the TGA of both copolymers could be assigned to the degradation of the CLC and styrene units, respectively (Figure S4). The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram of P1 displayed a glass transition occurring around 66  ºC, which is identical to the glass transition temperature (Tg) of a polystyrene of prepared in our lab (66  ºC). Therefore, the amount of CLC incorporated in the polymer turned out to be too low to produce a measurable effect on the glass transition. In contrast, the amount of CLC in the copolymer P2 turned out to be sufficient to produce a change in the glass transition temp erature, which was measured to be 54  ºC (Table 1). This is significantly lower than Tg of polystyrenes with (75  ºC) and (89  ºC) prepared in our lab. The DSC scans of the two copolymers P1 and P2 in comparison with polystyrenes with similar molecular weight are shown in Figure S5. The relatively high Tg of polystyrene is classically rationalized in terms of a reduced chain flexibility due to the bulky phenyl groups that hinder the rotation of the backbone’s carbon-carbon bonds. We surmise that CLC increases the chain flexibility by acting as a spacer between the styrene units, which results in the lowering of the glass transition temperature. It is worth noting that the Tg and the of (atactic) polystyrene are positively correlated up to , after which the Tg reaches a stationary value of ca. 108  ºC.10 Hence, the use of polymers with similar molecular weights is essential for comparing, meaningfully, the glass transition temperatures. In absence of cCLC, the polymerization of styrene under the same experimental conditions afforded polymers with in 76% yield and in 73% yield for the Figure 3. FT-IR spectra of the cyclic tripeptide cCLC, the copolymer P2 and Polystyrene. lower and higher amounts of AIBN, respectively. In both cases, the molecular weights and reaction yields for pristine polystyrene were higher than those of the relative copolymers. This is not surprising since disulfides are known to act as chain transfer agents in and to produce a certain retardation effect on radical polymerization.3 When the polymerization was repeated omitting the styrene from the reaction mixture, no polymer was obtained. Hence, cCLC, like other cyclic disulfides,2 does not homopolymerize in the presence of a radical initiator. This control experiment suggests that the peptide should not be blockily distributed along the polymer chain. Moreover, the possibility that the copolymer could be alternating is ruled out by the fact that the degree of peptide incorporation is well below 50 mol%. It is therefore reasonable to assume that both P1 and P2 are statistical copolymers of styrene and CLC. Peptides like cCLC are peculiar in that they bear unbound amine and carboxyl groups while being cyclic. This makes them and their copolymers either cationic or anionic or zwitterionic depending on the pH. Charge-bearing polymers are often reported as bioactive, e.g., hemostatic11 and/or antimicrobial12. Consequently, the class of materials here described might show bioactivity without containing intrinsically bioactive, amino acid sequences. Furthermore, apart from the specific functionalities, the peptide is likely to confer improved degradability on the polyolefin. Experiments in both directions are presently ongoing and will be the subject of another publication. In conclusion, we have shown that a peptide sequence can be incorporated into the backbone chain of a polyolefin via radical polymerization. Styrene and a cyclic tripeptide containing the disulfide bond were chosen as model monomers. Although cyclic disulfides are known to ring-open via the homolytic cleavage of the S-S bond in the presence of certain radicals, the result reported in this work is not trivial since the efficiency of such a reaction depends significantly on the disulfide used. Investigations are presently underway in order to explore the monomer scope, in terms of both the olefin and the peptide, the bioactivity and degradability of the copolymers, as well as the possibility to extend the process to reversible-deactivation radical polymerizations13 such as ATRP14. The preparation of a whole new range of functional and degradable materials is anticipated. ASSOCIATED CONTENT Supporting Information Detailed experimental procedures as well as spectroscopic, thermal and chromatographic data. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org. REFERENCES 1.Lutz, J.-F.; Bà ¶rner, H. G., Modern trends in polymer bioconjugates design. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2008, 33 (1), 1-39. 2.Sanda, F.; Endo, T., Radical ring-opening polymerization. J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem. 2001, 39, 265–276. 3.(a) Stockmayer, W. H.; Howard, R. O.; Clarke, J. T., Copolymerization of vinyl acetate with a cyclic disulfide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75 (7), 1756-1757; (b) Tobolsky, A. V.; Baysal, B., The Reaction between styrene and ring disulfides: copolymerization effected by the chain transfer reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75 (7), 1757-1757; (c) Suzuki, T.; Nambu, Y.; Endo, T., Radical copolymerization of lipoamide with vinyl monomers. Macromolecules 1990, 23, 1579-1582. 4.Baughman, T. W.; Wagener, K. B., Recent advances in ADMET polymerization. Adv. Polym. Sci. 2005, 176, 1-42. 5.Hopkins, T. E.; Pawlow, J. H.; Koren, D. L.; Deters, K. S.; Solivan, S. M.; Davis, J. A.; Gomez, F. J.; Wagener, K. B., Chiral polyolefins bearing amino acids. Macromolecules 2001, 34, 7920-7922. 6.(a) Mirabella Jr, F. M.; Barrall Ii, E. M.; Jordan, E. F., Jr.; Johnson, J. F., Copolymer composition as a function of molecular weight and the effect of conversion on this relationship. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1976, 20 (3), 581-589; (b) Mirabella Jr, F. M.; Barrall Ii, E. M., Determination of copolymer composition as a function of molecular weight by preparative gel permeation chromatography and comparison to the rapid stop-and-go gpc/ir method. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1976, 20 (4), 959-965; (c) Mirabella Jr, F. M., Monte Carlo simulation of copolymerization and compositional inhomogeneity of copolymers: comparison to experimental data. Polymer 1977, 18 (7), 705-711. 7.Jerschow, A.; Mà ¼ller, N., Suppression of convection artifacts in stimulated-echo diffusion experiments. Double-stimulated-echo experiments. J. Magn. Reson. 1997, 125 (2), 372-375. 8.(a) Chen, A.; Wu, D.; Johnson, C. S., Determination of Molecular Weight Distributions for Polymers by Diffusion-Ordered NMR. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117 (30), 7965-7970; (b) Lucas, L. H.; Larive, C. K., Measuring ligand-protein binding using NMR diffusion experiments. Concept. Magn. Reson. A 2004, 20A (1), 24-41. 9.Zhang, L.-K.; Rempel, D.; Pramanik, B. N.; Gross, M. L., Accurate mass measurements by Fourier transform mass spectrometry. Mass Spec. Rev. 2005, 24 (2), 286-309. 10.Claudy, P.; Là ©toffà ©, J. M.; Camberlain, Y.; Pascault, J. P., Glass transition of polystyrene versus molecular weight. Polym. Bull. 1983, 9 (4-5), 208-215. 11.di Lena, F., Hemostatic polymers: The concept, state of the art and perspectives. J. Mater. Chem. B 2014, 2 (23), 3567-3577. 12.Muà ±oz-Bonilla, A.; Fernà ¡ndez-Garcà ­a, M., Polymeric materials with antimicrobial activity. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2012, 37 (2), 281-339. 13.Shipp, D. A., Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerizations. Polym. Rev. 2011, 51 (2), 99-103. 14.Matyjaszewski, K.; Tsarevsky, N. V., Macromolecular engineering by atom transfer radical polymerization. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136 (18), 6513-6533. ToC 1

Burton Snowboards Business Analysis Essay -- Business Marketing Analyz

Burton Snowboards Business Analysis Burton Snowboards takes surfing to the mountains, with premium snowboards and equipment. Jake Burton, the world’s first snowboard maker, founded the company in 1977 in Londonberry, Vermont. Despite it being small and privately owned, Burton is the industry leader in snowboards and equipment controlling 40% total market share in the winter sports industry. Burton is a global business with its main headquarters in Vermont, Japan and Austria and worldwide distribution capabilities in over 35 countries. Burton Snowboards operates three factory outlet stores in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Austria. To create buzz marketing, Burton encourages newbie’s to experience the slopes with its Learn To Ride (LTR) line of equipment and programs at ski resorts nationally. In the past few years, Burton has started independent companies, which have their own individual identities and products. Burton has also created one of the most extensive online shopping experiences for its clientele. (www.burton.com) Strengths   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Burton attributed to the development of the sport of snowboarding, as it was the first and oldest manufacturer. The company has a loyal customer base and an established retail distribution channel. Burton provides customers with an interactive online website. In order to provide help to mountain resorts to attract and retain snowboarders, Burton’s primary customer base, they have created integral relationships with resorts by providin...

Eulogy for Grandmother :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for Grandmother I believe that every person in, in their own unique way, creates a legacy in their lifetime by which others can live long after that person has left us. For those of us who remain, Mildred Johnson has truly created a legacy to uphold and fulfill in our daily lives. I firmly believe that this carrying out is a true honor and responsibility by means of the various facets that Mildred has made her own. Love : Above all, Mildred Johnson is a figure of unconditional love. Love was the major fabric by which she created her tapestry of life. In the raising of her own children, the teachings of her grandchildren, and in how she welcomed in new family and friends, her unconditional strong love is what has made our family what it is today and what will keep us together from this day forward. Spirit : My Grandma, Mildred Johnson, is a true woman of faith. For as far back as I can remember, my Grandma has been a conveyor of the word of God in developing her family and living her daily life. Never would she miss a Sunday to share the word and love of God. As time moves forward not all of God’s children remain strong enough as before to lead his flock. Nor can all of God’s choir continue to sing quite as loudly as they always have. This is the time when the Lord takes them into his hands to rest their souls as he has now done with Mildred. Make no mistake, however, as the legacy of spirit that she has created in all of us will continue to live on. Family : My Grandmother Mildred truly defined the word family as I have come to learn and live it. Holidays and family gatherings were the celebrations they were because they were surrounded by Grandma’s love. I watched family such as my late uncle Reginald become the amazing family man he was because of traditions instilled by his mother. I have also seen her daughter - my aunt Milinda – raise three beautiful children by the love and traditions passed down from Grandma. I, of course, owe most of who I am from Grandma’s love passed down through my own mother Rayetta and her husband George, whom Grandma so highly regarded.

Self-Concept :: Psychology, Gender Difference

Before stepping onto the topic of the way we see ourselves, we first have to try to fully understand the definition of self-concept. The classification of self-concept is defined in many different ways by various researchers and practitioners over years. According to Purkey and William (1988), the popularity and attention of self-concept has been raising since decades of ignorance. Self-concept is mainly regarded as the realisation of our own existence; who we are, what is our purpose and how we fit into the society. Self-concept can be defined in a very complex manner. For example, it can be explained as a cognitive representation of oneself that gives coherence and meaning to one’s experience, including one’s relations to other people. It organises past experiences and plays an important role in assisting us to recognise and interpret relevant stimuli in the social environment (Hewstone, Stroebe & Jonas, 2008). Nonetheless, self-concept can also be clarified as simple as a statement where Fromm (1956) describe as â€Å"life being aware of itself.† After understanding the notion self-concept, we then can proceed to use different approaches to search a suitable answer to the question of â€Å"Why do we ‘see’ ourselves in the way that we do?†. In an experiment done by Montemayor and Eisen (1977), children were studied and questioned for their existence. When the children in the experiment were asked â€Å"Who am I?†, the most common answer given are descriptive and are usually about their appearance. For example, â€Å"I have brown eyes, I have brown hair and et cetera†. Children tend to mainly focus on the description of physical features of their body, address, procession and play activities; kids’ self-concept is more concrete as well as less abstract. In comparison, teenagers were observed and were asked the same question. As teenagers with wider knowledge of their existence, they will probably come up with more profound words and not only focus on the physical parts of body but somehow personal beliefs, motivation and interpersonal characteristics. For example, â€Å"I am a human being. I am a moody person, etc†. Consequently, adolescence’s answers seem to be more abstract but less c oncrete. By asking this question to both childhood and adolescence, significant increase can be seen in self-conceptions and categorised in followings: occupational rule; existential, individuating; ideological and belief reference; the sense of self- determination; the sense of unity; interpersonal style; and physical style (Montemayor & Eisen, 1977). The experiment has proven that aging does massively affect the way of seeing ourselves in everyone.

Information Security Essay

1. What is the difference between a threat agent and a threat? A threat agent is the facilitator of an attack however; a threat is a constant danger to an asset. 2. What is the difference between vulnerability and exposure? The differences are: vulnerability is a fault within the system, such as software package flaws, unlocked doors or an unprotected system port. It leaves things open to an attack or damage. Exposure is a single instance when a system is open to damage. Vulnerabilities can in turn be the cause of exposure. 3. How is infrastructure protection (assuring the security of utility services) related to information security? Information security is the protection of information and it is critical elements, including the systems and hardware that used, store, and transmit that information, Thus, assuring the security of utility services are critical elements in information system. 4. What type of security was dominant in the early years of computing? The type of security was dominant in the early years of computing security was entirely physical security. And MULTICS was first noteworthy operating system to integrate security in to its core system. 5. What are the three components of the C.I.A. triangle? What are they used for? The three components of the C.I.A triangle are: Confidentiality: Information’s should only be accessible to its intended recipients. Integrity: Information arrive the same as it was sent. Availability: Information should be available to those authorized to use it. 6. If the C.I.A. triangle is incomplete, why is it so commonly used in security? The CIA triangle is still used because it addresses the major concerns with the vulnerability of information systems. It contains three major characteristic confidentiality, integrity and availability which are important even today. 7. Describe the critical characteristics of information. How are they used in the study of computer security? The critical characteristics of information are: Confidentiality-preventing disclosure to unauthorized individuals Accuracy-free form errors; Utility-has a value for some purpose; Authenticity-genuine and Possession-ownership. 8. Identify the six components of an information system. Which are most directly affected by the  study of computer security? Which are most commonly associated with its study? The six components are: Software, Hardware, Data, People, Procedures, and network. If there is a flaw or oversight in any of category it could lead to exposure and or vulnerabilities. The components most associated with the study of information security are: hardware and software when it views as science also people when it view as social science. 9. What system is the father of almost all modern multiuser systems? Mainframe computer systems 10. Which paper is the foundation of all subsequent studies of computer security? The foundation of all subsequent studies of computer security is the Rand Report R-609. 11. Why is the top-down approach to information security superior to the bottom-up approach? Top down has strong upper management support, dedicated funding, clear planning and the opportunity to influence organizations culture, whereas Bottom up lacks a number of critical features such as participant support and organizational staying power. 12. Why is a methodology important in the implementation of information security? How does a methodology improve the process? A formal methodology ensures a rigorous process and avoids missing steps. 13. Which members of an organization are involved in the security system development life cycle? Who leads the process? 14. How can the practice of information security be described as both an art and a science? How does security as a social science influence its practice? Information security can be described in Art because there are no hard and fast rules especially with users and policy. Also, it can be describe in Science because the software is developed by computer scientists and engineers. Faults are a precise interaction of hardware and software that can be fixed given enough time. 15. Who is ultimately responsible for the security of information in the organization? The Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) 16. What is the relationship between the MULTICS project and the early development of computer security?  It was the first and operating system created with security as its primary goal. Shortly after the restructuring of MULTICS, several key engineers started working on UNIX which did not require the same level of security. 17. How has computer security evolved into modern information security? In the early days before ARPANET machines were only physically secured. After ARPANET it was realized that this was just one component. 18. What was important about Rand Report R-609?  RR609 was the first widely recognized published document to identify the role of management and policy issues in computer security. 19. Who decides how and when data in an organization will be used or controlled? Who is responsible for seeing that these wishes are carried out? Control and use of data in the Data owners are responsible for how and when data will be used, Data users are working with the data in their daily jobs. 20. Who should lead a security team? Should the approach to security be more managerial or technical? A project manager with information security technical skills lead the team. The approach to security should be managerial, top down.

Chapter 1 indians the settlements of america Essay

1. Jamestown was the first colony that gets found. It was there where the first permanent settlement occurs. Jamestown was a poor location for colonization. The men dug wells to obtain water, but the water they found could not drink because it was contaminated. In addition, the ground was wet and had too many mosquitos. The mosquitoes were carriers of diseases and made the settlers sick. After a year, about half of the settlers had died of disease and starvation. The Native American Indians kept the English alive providing them with food. The English were so busy trying to discover gold that they didn’t bother trying to grow food. That was when Captain John Smith became leader of the Jamestown colony. He saved the colony by creating a rule, which maintained that anyone who did not work would have no right to eat. This made the colonist planted food, and they were forced to build shelters and fences to protect against any attack. These American Indians or â€Å"Amerinds†, showed them great diversity of character and attainments due to the differences in climate, soil, food, building material, and the activities necessary to preserve life. They taught the settlers how to plant and grow corn, beans, squash, etc. and also helped them to establish good relations with neighboring Indian tribes. On the other hand what the English settlers offered to Native Americans Indians was different. In exchange for food, they offered them weapons, horses, cattle, sheep, vegetables and fruits, hatchets, swords, metal pots, skillets and knives, which would give them the technological advantage over their enemies. They brought not only tools for the conquest of the wilderness, but also the forms of government, the religion, the books, and the languages of the Old World. But besides the different technologies and different lifestyles that they offered to them, the English brought with them different types of diseases, such as smallpox, which was lethal to Amerinds, this produced a lethal epidemic that affected a large portion of the tribe. American Indians had a very different culture from the English people. Despite some successful interaction, questions of ownership and control of land and trust between peoples, caused conflicts arise. Virginia suffers very frequent periods of drought and by that time the colonists did not understand that the natives were ill prepared to feed them during the hard times. In the years after 1612, settlers cleared the land to prepare it for export farms dedicated tobacco, its crucial crop for economic purposes. When the tobacco exhausted farmland, the settlers continuously had to clear more areas to replace them. This small wooded land was that the Indians could use to hunt and supplement their food crops. The more settlers arrived, the more demanding land. The spread of tobacco cultivation altered life for everyone, because its cultivation required abundant land. The tribes tried to fight the invasion of the settlers. The main conflicts occurred with the indigenous slaughter of 1622 and another in 1644, both under the command of the younger brother of the late Chief Powhatan, Chief Opechancanough. Recognizing the danger, the war leader launched coordinated attacks along the James River on March 22, 1622. By the end of the day 347 colonist lay dead, and only a timely warning from two Christian converts saved Jamestown itself from destruction. Europeans had a very mixed picture of the native Indians. On one hand, they believed that the Indians could be soft and generous and also attentive and willing to trade. At first it was a very positive image and the settlers had hoped that they would be welcomed with open arms and friendly hands. They wanted to believe their way to the Garden of Eden. 2. After reading the three sources that tell the story of the Indians and the Settlement of America, I found it more accurate the description number 3 â€Å"A people and a Nation† (2008) that gives us Mary Beth Norton, because I think is a very complete description about the events that occurred with the New World. She begins by describing how other civilizations of America were. She mentions how that residents, of what is now central Mexico began to cultivate food crops, especially corn, squash, beans, avocados, and peppers; while in the Andes Mountains of South America, people began to cultivate potatoes, and it was thanks to the improvement of these techniques of agriculture that could be spread this knowledge through America with the exception of those areas with harsher climates. Thanks to agriculture most of the Americans began to adopt a more sedentary life, without the need to spend so much time hunting and gathering. I believe that it is very appropriate that she mentions these details, since it is important to us as readers have an idea of how other civilizations in the Americas were, in this manner we can understand a little more about the civilization of the Native Americans Indians, because in some way they were very similar to each other. In the same way, in this source the author also makes mention of another significant civilization of America, the Aztecs; they were one of the most important and recognized civilizations of the American continent, they had a style a little different from other civilizations, they tended to be a little more wild, they use to forced their neighbors to pay tribute in textiles, gold, foodstuffs and even in human beings, who were sacrificed to the war god Huitzilopochtli. After the author made mention of these events, she continues her story mentioning the arrival of the English for the first time in 1607 to a region near to Chesapeake Bay called Tsenacomoco. It was a group of 104 men and boys, who established the palisaded settlement called Jamestown. This source tells us the beginning of a radical change to this Nation; the author mentions the number of people, the name of the region in which they arrived, and the date on which this happened; it seems to me that these data are necessary to know for any American person, I think it is important for all of us who live in this continent know this historical fact, and more specifically know what happened in this country. I am convinced that this source is more accurate, because it shows us these and more details, and is more precise describing how was the relationship between the colonists and the Native American Indians. It shows us what was the difference between these two different civilizations, and at the same time expresses us which were their similarities. Both groups held deep religious beliefs, subsisted primarily through agriculture, accepted social and political hierarchy, and observed well-defined gender roles. Despite the coexistence that came to have each other, both groups continued to have their own beliefs and thoughts, which for me in somehow led them to start a war, because the settlers wanted to impose their will on the Indians, and at the same time the Indians wanted to not let this happen, and also they were tired of being their food source and carriers of diseases that the settlers brought.

Fake Myth

How Shadows Came To Be In the kingdom of Ridonicorn, there was a peculiar king named Shade. He claimed that he could stalk anyone without being seen. The Olympians knew him well, for his boasts were somewhat true. Often times, they bet on him to see if he tail people. Poseidon and Hermes almost always won the bets since they usually on the same side. If there was ever an argument, Artemis would settle it by choosing the right side of the bet. One day, Hermes and Poseidon didn’t place the same bet.Artemis was not there to settle the argument. This may seem trivial but it greatly upset the Olympians. They were so confused that no one else placed a bet. Poseidon thought Shade would not be able to follow the mysterious citizen and Hermes thought he would. Shade had already followed the citizen one mile into the enchanted forest near Ridonicorn when he heard a voice telling him to come into the bushes. He obeyed silently and went off his path. â€Å"What dost thou want? † sa id Shade to the voice.Then, right before his eyes, an old man with a cane came out of nowhere and said to him; â€Å"Only to help my king. † Shade was curious at his response In his weird manner of talking, he said; â€Å"What would thou doest to helpeth me in my quest from the gods? † â€Å"I have an enchanted necklace,† replied the old man. â€Å"that will make it so that no one can see hear you but the gods. † â€Å"Give it to me now! † ordered Shade. The old man gave it to him and Shade immediately put it on. â€Å"Did it work? † he asked the old man.Deceivingly, the old man replied; â€Å"Shade? Where did you go? † Shade was filled with happiness and continued his peculiar errand. He did not know that the old man was Hermes and could indeed see and hear him. Hermes was trying to â€Å"secure† his success of his bet with the necklace. However, no one knew that the person who Shade was stalking could see and hear him perfect ly. She was Artemis. She had left Olympus to take a break and hunt since she was not a good mood. When she noticed that Hermes was trying to win a bet, she was filled with nger. She shot an arrow right past Shade’s head. Shade was surprised since he thought he could not be noticed. â€Å"You think I can’t see you, mortal? † Shade shuddered. The way she said â€Å"mortal† made it seem as if she wasn’t. He was too late to notice and Artemis placed a curse on him. He and his offspring were forced to follow everyone without secrecy. Poseidon won the bet, Hermes had to do Poseidon’s chores for a millennium, and Shade (now Shadow) and his children had to follow everyone while always being seen for eternity.

Benefits and challenges of labour migration

Migration of people to other countries in search of employment has occurred all through history and it is by no means a new phenomenon. For many of migration workers, migration is a real lifeline, but all too often, they still face exploitation and abuse. Forced labour, low pay, bad working conditions, virtually no social protection, and denial of freedom of association and trade union rights, discrimination, xenophobia and social exclusion – these are just some of the woes that rob migrants of the benefits they could have gained from working abroad. The countries in question can be classified according to their status as sending or receiving country in correspondence to their level of social and economic development. Workers move between them, cascading from poorer to richer countries. In each of the countries, they mainly take jobs in labour-intensive sectors with low skill requirements and low pay. These are most of all construction, agriculture, hotel and catering as well as domestic services. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Migrants defines a migrant worker as a â€Å"person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a state of which he or she is not a resident†. But there is considerable conceptual difficulty in defining a migrant. Migration of labourer takes different forms. In one end, the place of working and residence of the labourer may be different, and the distance covered by daily commuting. At the other end, the worker’s may move permanently from their places of birth or usual place of residence, maintaining little or no contact with their places of origin. Between these two ends, people move away for differing periods of time. Based on how long they are away from their place of origin, the migrants are distinguished as ‘permanent’, ‘semi-permanent’ and ‘temporary’. Labour migration belongs to temporary migration, which is likely to stay away from their places of origin for more than a few months in a year. The temporary migrants are also known as ‘short duration’ migrants, ‘seasonal’ migrants or ‘circulatory’ migrants. The decision to migrate for economic reasons can have both positive and negative consequences. Migrants may secure a better income, have access to better social services, and be able to provide a better education for their children or benefit from the enrichment of becoming a member of a transnational community at ease in different cultures. However, migration may also cause family disruption when family members have to stay behind, and may involve sacrificing a familiar lifestyle and becoming a â€Å"stranger† in a new country. The complexity of the present day migration stream has intensified with distinctions between migrant workers, trainees, tourists, refugees and displaced persons becoming increasingly blurred. The term â€Å"migrants† appears to be broader than the term ‘migrant workers' and is increasingly used in international discussions of human rights. The traditional explanation of migration as a movement from poor to rich nations is too simplified. There are both economic and non-economic factors affecting these flows. International migration has contributed to growth and prosperity in both host and source countries. Migrant worker remittances represent the second largest international monetary trade flow, exceeded only by petroleum. Migrants also provide a valuable source of semi-skilled and unskilled labour to many industrialising countries and provide a source of highly skilled labour to advanced countries, thereby assisting the latter in maintaining economic competitiveness. Labour migration policies differ from other migration policies directed at migration flows that may also have an impact on labour markets, for example refugee and family reunification, in the sense that they do not have humanitarian objectives but apply economic criteria with a view to responding to labour market needs. Governments at all points on the migration spectrum increasingly recognize the potential of regulatory mechanisms to maximize the positive impact of labour migration. Many sending and receiving countries are developing their regulatory capacities to manage labour mobility by considering the interests of respective governments, societies, and the migrant. Positive tensions for receiving countries: raise total output and incomes in the rich, host countries; increase efficiency in the use of the world’s resources all around, in rich and poor countries; increase the supply of entrepreneurship and stimulate the creation of small business; increase savings, investment, and human capital formation in the rich countries; accelerate the pace of innovation; increase the flow of remittances to poor countries; alleviate the economic problems associated with the aging population in rich countries. Globalization is a major driving force of international labour migration. Globalization has made migration much easier through better communications, dissemination of information through mass media and improved transport. Countries are at different stages of demographic transition, with developing countries typically having younger populations than developed countries. One of the most frequently cited costs of migration is so-called ‘brain drain’ — the loss of educated workers with valuable skills, which can impose large losses on governments that bear the costs of education and training. Brain drain is potentially a concern for all economies, both developing and developed, with some developed economies experiencing significant rates of skilled emigration. The greatest global concern in the area of international labour migration is the unprecedented rise in irregular forms of migration that has occurred in recent years. The numbers of unauthorized migrant workers are increasing in virtually every part of the world. A large proportion of labour migration occurs illegally, aided and abetted by a clandestine and often criminal industry. Increasingly, governments of both sending and receiving countries are developing regulatory mechanisms to manage labour migration. These include selective recruitment policies by countries needing labour, and strong marketing and overseas employment strategies by countries supplying labour. Migrant workers benefit host countries in a number of ways. The overall economic impact of all migrant workers to the UK for example suggests that they make a positive net contribution of around  £2.5 billion to the public accounts. There are huge implications for sending countries as a result of out-migration, the most crucial of which are the loss of expertise and skills. This brain drain is particularly acute in developing countries, especially where the move abroad is permanent. Public services, such as health, education and social services, are losing large numbers of skilled workers to migration. Structural changes and decreasing investment in the public sector has increased the pressure on public sector workers to migrate, as shown by trends in the health and education sectors. Although many economic migrants work in relatively low-paid jobs they regularly send money home to their families and relatives. However, it is difficult to estimate the scale of these remittances to sending countries because of the often informal manner in which they are returned, but there is little doubt that they contribute to the national income of the countries involved, and act as a stimulus to longer-term economic growth. Migrant workers who return home bring experience and knowledge from working in another country. This benefits the home country as a whole by adding to its pool of talented workers, particularly where the skills are relevant to the needs of the home economy and the migrant workers are willing to use them upon return. It also benefits the individual worker who will have developed through contact with people possessing a range of human, intellectual and professional skills. Access to educational and language courses in the host country should open up opportunities for career promotion at home and assist the personal development of each worker. Bibliography International Organisation for Migration. 2005. World Migration 2005. Costs and Benefits of International Migration. Kothari, U. (2002). Migration and chronic poverty. Chronic Poverty Research Centre. Institute for Development Policy and Management. University of Manchester. Working Paper No. 16. Linard, Andre. (1998). Migration and globalization: The new slaves. Brussels: ICFTU, July. Stalker, Peter. (2000). Workers without frontiers: The impact of globalization on international migration. International Labour Office, Geneva. World Economic and Social Survey. (2004). International migration trends Chapter11. World Health Organisation. Health and Human Rights Publications Series. Issue No.4 (December 2003). International Migration, Health and Human Rights.   

Does the British media frame public opinion Essay

Does the British media frame public opinion - Essay Example Journalists prefer to deliver news from a certain angle in which the public is going to accept. They target public expectation on a particular issue that is rising in that society. Journalists know that when people receive information that favors their culture and the society, they consider that information true. These societies love to hear news that revolves around them positively. Any information that describe their way of living is considered false and will never be accepted by anyone in that society even if it is a true story. However, journalists try their best to deliver reports at an angle they know will favor their audience. Journalists from the other wing tend to report the same information but in a very different angle that they know that the audience they are, targeting will accept the information. This process is called framing in media. Framing is the act of selecting features of a perceived reality and making them salient in the text of communication with the aim of pr omoting problem definition and evaluation1. Generally, framing involves selection and salience8. Many reporters use this idea in most of their information that they deliver to the public. Media frames much of the public opinions to ensure they give the right information that the public is expecting from the media news. What the media does here is that, it draws public attention to particular topics and later the journalists select the topics that they know what the public is thinking. Media organizes the events and issues they want to present and the audience are the one to interpret the information in those events. British media has used this criterion in much of their news. This media has been framing public opinion to ensure that they give acceptable information in the news they broadcast to their audiences. Mass media are the technologies used to reach audience through mass communication. There are very many types of mass media although it is divided into two i.e. the old media and the new media. Television, radio, and newspapers represent the old media. On the other hand, new media came to existence due to the improved technologies in the mass communication sector. They include Twitter, Blogs, Facebook, You Tube, and Google. The public uses each of these media differently. Each individual chooses the media to use depending on the information they are searching. All these categories of mass media are useful in Britain. They are used to deliver information to the public through many ways. Political advertisements in Britain have been banned in all television channels and radio stations5. This was put in place when Communication Act 2003 was written. None of the radio stations and TV channels was allowed to make any advertisement that was political. Political advertisements are those advertisements that are more for campaigning rather than other information. Their main aim is to influence people concerning a particular party matters. ASA is responsible for r egulating all advertisements that are made in radio stations and TV channels. Although they can regulate these advertisements, they have a limit at which they cannot go further. ASA has written a notice to all political parties informing them that they should follow the rules that have been put in place. Political advertisers are supposed to be guided by rules that are in CAP Code. These principles states that all advertisements made must have a responsibility to both the consumers and the society. Newton and Brynnin noted that, â€Å"Television has major effects on the decision that people in the public make†. This is evidenced during election s when the candidates are having debates live in the television channels. Many people who watch those debates are swayed by what they hear from these political candidates. Many people are not desired on whom they are going to vote but when they watch the debates, most of them desired on their favorite candidate to vote for. This was ev idenced when Gordon brown, David Cameron, and Nick Clegg were

Google case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Google - Case Study Example This acquisition with android has given a very positive impact on the financial conditions of the Google. This program of Google is executing with the thought of the customers having an Android phone will be able to connect all the contacts of Google like: Google+, Google chrome, Gmail and many other Google applications that are being used by the customers on daily basis. From 2008 with adaptation of android technology the net income of strikes high profits and increases with more then 30% each year till 2012. The impact of acquisition with android has proved it self by its remarkable performance in gaining the rapidly increasing profits with high percentage. In 2012 there were approximately 700,000 applications available for android and 25 billion applications were downloaded by the users from Google play. This sounds a great achievement for Google. Answer#2 In the opening quarter of 2012, the financial report speaks that Google brought around $2.9 billion in net income on $10.9 bil lion of revenue. On the other side, Motorola mobility lost around $89 million on $3.1 billion in revenue during the first quarter of 2012. In the initial phase after buying Motorola Corporation Google encounters with some losses but Google strategy was to earn with the long term strategic plan. Two big transactions made by Google in December 2012 that greatly impact over the financial position of the company. The manufacturing operations of Motorola mobility were sold by Google to Flextronics for $75 million and sold Motorola Home business division to Arris group for $2.35 billion in a cash and stock transaction. By these two transactions Google acquired 15.7% stake in Arris group valued at $300 million. This immediate effect develops the understanding that Google acquisition with Motorola will give some great and huge innovation in their pipeline products or services as we saw that before 5 years when Google acquisition with android undertaken. There are three big returns for Googl e in merging with Motorola. Right of entry to the portfolio of Motorola patent which it may possibly then permit to links like HTC and Samsung to secure next to the extended arm of Apple’s  lawyers. An integrated hardware/software takes part in to battle with Apple Corporation. The difficulty  with this reason is that  the agreement does not address the  breakdown on the Android platform which is the more difficult problem. The set-top big business to make better its covering Google TV offering. Answer#3 The android operating system with its open source model approach confronting with the criticism of the model causes code (software) base to fragment. Another criticism encountered that is online services and the android operating system does not connect with each other. Along with the criticism this technology provides a wide range of benefits to the users. The advantages of open source approach are as follows: 1- Superior in quality with the continuous development pr ocess. 2- Customizability in its development. 3- It gives the liberty of using with own intend. 4- Flexibility in advancement of both software and hardware. 5- Interoperability. 6- Audibility with the derived standards for removing the unwanted deviations. 7- Make available support options for making easier for the user. 8- Inexpensive in cost as compared to others. 9- It

How Far Is Globalization an Unstoppable Force That Will Destroy Or Essay

How Far Is Globalization an Unstoppable Force That Will Destroy Or Marginalize the Nation-state - Essay Example This report stressses that the post-Second World War international economic order is characterized by the rise of intergovernmental organizations, such as the United Nations (UN), International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank and World Trade Organization (WTO), among others. Multilateralism and trade liberalization appeared to fight the economic depression after the war. However, these institutions have been questioned in the pessimist view of globalization. TAll the authors considered in this essay acknowledge the influence of globalization in the nation-state. Although globalization is an unstoppable force, it will not destroy the nation-state. However, the changes are significant and undeniable. The possibility of a marginalization of the nation-state, due to the forces of global institutions and markets, depends on the role of each state to manage globalization and the processes involved in it, according to the social and economic objectives of a nation-state, which keeps its sovereignty. Globalization implies risks and hazards, but it can be channelled to support national objectives. To avoid the negative influence of free trade, it is important that nation-states recover the concern on people’s interest. A continuous debate on the global economic regime is essential to reinforce the role of the state. In this globalising era, nation-states not only are able to survive, but also may strengthen their national identity with an increase of hybrid identities and cosmopolitan features.

Phizer Marketing and Products Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Phizer Marketing and Products - Essay Example The ultimate aim of every marketing activities of Pfizer is to maximize sales through increased prescription writing. Pfizer know that majority of the patients all over the world are purchasing medicines based on the prescriptions from their doctors. So, Pfizer’s advertising strategies give number one priority to doctors rather than patients. They know very well that once the doctor prescribes their medicine, most of the patients may purchase it without a second thought. Direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising of drugs has been legal in the USA since 1985, but only really took off in 1997 when the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) eased up on a rule obliging companies to offer a detailed list of side-effects in their infomercials (Direct-to-consumer advertising under fire, 2009) Targeted ads are possible nowadays because of the rapidly increasing popularity of internet and social media. Sending of customized emails is one of the major marketing strategy implemented by many of th e prominent organizations like Pfizer. Pfizer uses social media like Facebook, Twitter, MySpace etc to reach out individual customers. In short, Direct To Consumer advertising (DTC) is one of the prominent advertising channels in Pfizer’s’ marketing activities. ... â€Å"The New York Times reports that Pfizer is planning to lock up the market for heart treatments by bundling its new drug (toretrapib, which is still in experimental stage of development) to the company's bestselling cholesterol lowering drug, Lipitor† (Pfizer Marketing Scheme Stirs Concern_NYT, 2005). The aim of Pfizer is to have two birds for one shot. In other words, they are trying to exploit the publicity and brand value generated by its new product for selling some of their existing products. Even though the above marketing strategy has raised many criticisms, Pfizer do not bother about such criticisms and they are going ahead with the marketing strategy of forcing the heart patients to purchase more Pfizer products. â€Å"Marketing activities with health care professionals must convey full and substantiated information about the side effects and the safety profile of medicines† (Practicing ethical sales and marketing, 2011). In order to strengthen the bondage between the consumers and the company, Pfizer reveals the side effects associated with each of the drug they sell. The above strategy helped Pfizer to increase the confidence of the people over Pfizer products. It should be noted that most of the other pharmaceutical companies do not have the habit of revealing the side effects of their products in their marketing campaigns because of their concerns about the possible negative impacts. Pfizer always believe in telling the truth to the consumers which helped them to increase the relationships with its customers. Pfizer succeeded in partitioning the entire market based on the differences in the purchasing behaviors of the consumers. â€Å"Segmentation analysis is actually based on the theoretical belief that every